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Advanced Use of Markdown

This section expands upon the basic information given in the section titled 'Enhancing Text With Markdown' to give those with special requirements the information needed to make the most of Markdown. If you don't recognise, or don't need, the formatting listed below then you should feel free to skip this section and return to it as and when needed.

(Even more) Advanced options are available. See the Further Reading section.

Line Breaks
Horizontal Rules
Linked Images
Tables
Definition Lists
Footnotes
Embedding HTML
Pre-formatted Code
Using Special Characters
Further Reading

Line Breaks

In some texts, for instance in poetry and verse, it is often necessary to insert line breaks. Trying to do so with the return key will not give the intended effect as by default the lines will be run together to create a paragraph.

The best laid schemes o' Mice an' Men, Gang aft agley, An' lea'e us nought but grief an' pain, For promis'd joy!

The above input, using the enter key to insert line breaks will give the following output as such breaks are ignored:

The best laid schemes o' Mice an' Men, Gang aft agley, An' lea'e us nought but grief an' pain, For promis'd joy!

But by ending each line with two spaces you can force a line break as follows:

The best laid schemes o' Mice an' Men,
Gang aft agley,
An' lea'e us nought but grief an' pain,
For promis'd joy!

Horizontal Rules

Horizontal rules can be created by placing three or more asterisks (*), hyphens (-) or underscores (_) on a line by themselves.

This will work:

***

but you can add spaces or further characters to make it more obviously a section break in the text editing window e.g.

* * * * *

-------------------------

_ _ _ _ _

All of these methods give the exact same result:

Hyperlinked Images

The Enhancing Text With Markdown document gives instructions for creating web links and inserting images. It may not be obvious that these can be combined to create images that are also clickable links.

[the google search engine][google]

![the google logo][logo]

Above are a standard web link and image. By placing the image where the link text would be found you end up with this:

[![the google logo][logo]][google]

This line above, in combination with the following link definitions elsewhere in the document:

[logo]: http://www.google.com/images/logo.gif
[google]: http://www.google.com/ "click to visit Google.com"

combine to produce the following clickable image link (with tooltip if you hover over it):

An example of where this technique might be handy is in linking small 'thumbnail' images to downloads of the larger photos.

Tables

You can create simple HTML tables with Markdown. Here is an example:

Name    |   Age
--------|------
Fred    |   29
Jim     |   47
Harry   |   32

Name	Age
Fred	29
Jim	47
Harry	32

You can apply normal formatting to the cell contents. Columns can be left or right aligned by adding a colon the left or the right of the horizontal bar (see additional instructions).

Definition Lists

Definition lists consist of terms followed by their definitions. Rather like a dictionary. A simple example is as follows:

Moodle
:   A well-known online learning platform

PHP
:   A scripting language.
    Mostly used for developing interactive web applications.

Moodle: A well-known online learning platform
PHP: A scripting language. Mostly used for developing interactive web applications.

Footnotes

A footnote has two elements. A marker in the text which will become a superscript number and a footnote definition that will appear at the end of the document. Here is a simple example:

Read about it in my book.[^1]

[^1]: All about my book.

You can place the footnote definitions anywhere you like. They will be listed in the order that they are linked to in the text. You cannot make more than one link to the same footnote.

Embedding HTML

If you are already proficient in HTML then there may be occasions when Markdown does not allow you as much control as you are used to. Luckily Markdown is designed for this eventuality and allows you to embed HTML directly within Markdown formatted text.

* <small>small text</small>
* <big>big text</big>

small text
big text

Note that the HTML markup co-exists with the Markdown code for bullet lists. This frees you from the mundane task of writing complex HTML for basic formatting features such as paragraphs and lists while still allowing you to access the full power of HTML in specific situations.

Displaying HTML or Preformatted Text

If, unlike in the section above, you wish the HTML you enter to be displayed exactly as you typed it, rather than processed as HTML then you can start each line with four space characters.

<p>A paragraph in <b>HTML</b> displayed as code</p>

This also works for displaying computer code:

print "Command-line arguments: (@ARGV)\n";

As this formatting is often used for computer program listings and other text which may plausibly contain the characters that Markdown uses to indicate different types of formatting, Markdown's formatting is switched off for these lines:

Normally this word would be **bold**.

To include such characters within normal text, see the section below.

Using Special Characters

If you wish to use any of the special characters that trigger Markdown formatting without them being processed simply precede them with a backslash character (\). This is known as 'escaping' a character. The backslash is not displayed but the character immediately following it is shown, exactly as entered.

\*asterisks, not emphasis\*

becomes

*asterisks, not emphasis*

rather than

*emphasis, not asterisks*

which gives

emphasis, not asterisks